Hydrogen cyanide production by soil bacteria: Biological control of pests and promotion of plant growth in sustainable agriculture

Currently, plant diseases and insect infestations are mainly controlled by the extraneous application of pesticides. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of such agrochemicals can cause ecological and environmental problems, as well as human health hazards. To obviate the potential pollution arising from the application of agrochemicals, biological control of soilborne pathogens or insect pests using antagonistic microorganisms may be employed. Certain soil bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and insects possess the unique ability to produce hydrogen cyanide(HCN), which plays an important role in the biotic interactions of those organisms. In particular, cyanogenic bacteria have been found to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic fungi, weeds, insects, termites and nematodes. Thus, the use of HCN-producing bacteria as biopesticides offers an ecofriendly approach for sustainable agriculture. The enzyme, HCN synthase,involved in the synthesis of HCN, is encoded by the hcnABC gene cluster. The biosynthetic regulation of HCN, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins through the conserved global regulatory GacS/GacA system is elaborated in this review, including approaches that may optimize cyanogenesis for enhanced pest control. In addition, the effects of bacterially synthesized HCN on the production of indole acetic acid, antibiotics and fluorescent insecticidal toxins, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase utilization and phosphate solubilization may result in the stimulation of plant growth. A more detailed understanding of HCN biosynthesis and regulation may help to elaborate the precise role of this compound in biotic interactions and sustainable agriculture.     

重组敬钊毒素在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化研究

[目的]研究重组敬钊毒素在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化.[方法]通过设计、构建Jztx-Ⅲ/pPIC9k表达载体,经电转化、甲醇诱导后使敬钊毒素在毕赤酵母GS115中进行表达,并利用C-端6×His标签进行分离纯化.[结果]Jztx-Ⅲ可以在毕赤酵母GS115中高效表达,经亲和层析纯化后其产量可达到95 mg/L.[结论]该试验结果解决了敬钊毒素资源有限产量较低的问题.     

D型产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素蛋白结构及抗原表位分析

利用生物软件对D型产气荚膜梭菌ε毒素的蛋白结构、抗原表位进行预测与分析。综合ε毒素蛋白亲水性、表面可能性、抗原指数、二级结构预测结果显示,肽链13-19、44-47、59-63、79-82、94-97、151-153、200-204、211-221、245-250、257-260位可能存在B细胞抗原表位,三级结构预测的94、151结合位点位于94-97、151-153抗原表位区内。     

大豆肽的生理功能和制备工艺

大豆肽是大豆蛋白质的水解产物,主要功能性营养物质包括多肽、寡肽、游离氨基酸和糖类,其相对分子质量低,易于消化吸收。丰富的小肽能调节矿物质、脂类代谢,降低胆固醇,提高免疫力。文章综述了大豆肽的生理功能和制备工艺。     

以偶联多肽为抗原建立检测O型猪口蹄疫 病毒抗体的ELISA方法

以偶联多肽为抗原建立检测O型猪口蹄疫病毒抗体的ELISA 方法。通过FMDV 多肽序列的筛选、化学 合成及反应原性鉴定,将多肽与非蛋白结构多聚体载体进行偶联。利用偶联多肽作为抗原,通过方阵滴定确定偶联 多肽、血清及HRP 的最佳工作浓度,确定方法的阴阳性临界值,然后进行特异性试验、敏感度测定及临床猪血清样 本的免疫效果评估等。结果表明,偶联多肽具有良好的反应原性,最佳包被浓度为1.0 滋g/mL,血清最佳稀释度为1: 32,HRP 最佳稀释度为1:8 000,方法特异性好,敏感度高,操作方便省时,能够对FMDV 的自然感染进行检测,也可 对FMDV 免疫后的猪血清抗体水平进行评估。     

鸡法氏囊病毒重组多抗原表位串联肽的制备及其免疫反应

合成含有鸡法氏囊病毒抗原表位核酸序列的4条引物,利用SOE-PCR (重叠延伸PCR法)方法克隆得到含鸡法氏囊病毒多抗原表位串联肽的核酸序列。通过EcoR I和Sal I 两个酶切位点使该核酸序列插入原核表达载体(pET32a)。SDS-PAGE 实验结果表明鸡法氏囊病毒重组多抗原表位串联肽在大肠杆菌中的表达量为20%左右。Western blotting试验和免疫琼脂扩散沉淀试验（AGP）的结果均表明鸡法氏囊病毒重组多抗原表位串联肽具有明显的抗原性。     

Victoria Blight,defense turned upside down

Genes that confer disease resistance to biotrophic pathogens typically encode nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat proteins (NB-LRRs). These proteins confer resistance by detecting the presence of virulence effectors secreted by biotrophic pathogens. Recognition triggers NB-LRR activation and subsequently, the defense response which often includes localized host cell death. The fungus, Cochliobolus victoriae, is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes a disease called Victoria Blight. Virulence of this fungus is dependent on its production of a peptide called “victorin” that has been traditionally described as a toxin. Only plants that respond to victorin are susceptible to Cochliobolus victoriae whereas those that do not are resistant to the fungus. Genetic and molecular analyses have revealed that victorin functions like a biotrophic effector recognized by a NB-LRR resistance protein in Arabidopsis. Further, numerous plant species express victorin sensitivity suggesting there are numerous NB-LRRs that recognize victorin. Thus, through expression of victorin, C. victoriae is able to exploit plant defense to cause disease and is capable of evoking this response in an array of different plants.     

芸苔链格孢菌毒素对白菜细胞膜透性、SOD酶和POD酶活性的影响

 本文以白菜幼苗为材料,研究了芸苔链格孢菌毒素(AB-毒素)对白菜叶片细胞膜透性及叶片内SOD酶、POD酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,白菜叶片用AB-毒素处理后,细胞膜透性增大,且随处理时间的延长和毒素浓度的增加而增高。不同白菜品种用毒素处理后膜透性的改变与病菌接种的发病程度呈正相关,即电导率大的白菜品种,叶片发病也重。试验结果还发现,芸苔链格孢菌及其毒素处理白菜后,体内SOD酶和POD酶活性的变化基本趋于一致,即处理后12 h内急剧下降,然后(12~48 h)活性上升。而对照处理基本变化不大。可见,芸苔链格孢菌毒素表现了与其病原菌一致的致病作用。     

C肉毒杀鼠素在高寒草甸地区灭鼠技术的应用

综述C肉毒杀鼠素草原灭鼠应用技术，充分肯定了C肉毒杀鼠素毒力强、适口性好、对非靶动物毒性低、作用缓慢、无二次中毒、易降解和适合规模灭鼠的特点，为鼠害防治提供了新的思路。